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The T-34 was designed by Mikhail I. Koshkin at the Kharkov Locomotive Plant (KhPZ) in the name of Komintern. The design was the culmination of earlier work at Kharkov on the A-20 wheel/track design and the A-32/T-32 which were field trialled in August 1938. The design work was carried out by A. A. Morozov and N. A. Kurchenko under Koshkin’s direction. The first T-34 prototypes were produced in January 1940 and in March the same year were driven from Kharkov – Moscow – Kharkov to test their endurance, a considerable road test for a tank even today.
In June 1940 the T-34 entered series production, with 1200 built by June 1941. Due to the rapid German advances after June 1941 the Kharkov plant was evacuated in late 1941 to Nizhniy Tagil, east of the Ural Mountains during which time the Stalingrad tractor Zavod (STZ) struggled to maintain production numbers, latterly in a besieged state.
The T-34 was called the Tridsatchetvyork {‘Tridsatchetverka’?} (literally “the 34”). After evacuation it was produced at Uralmash, Nizhniy Tagil, Gorkiy, Stalingrad and later at Omsk.
The Model 1940 was the first series production model of the T-34 tank series, prouced at KhPZ (Khakov Paravozd Zavod - Kharkov Locomotive Factory, also known as Zavod No 183). As far as is known to the authors, there is no surviving T-34-76 M-1940 in the world today. At least one example was returned to Kummersdorf by the German Army for evaluation in 1941 but the Kummersdorf tanks were later cut up for scrap.
Model 1940/41
The Model 1940/41 was an upgraded model of the original tank, fitted with new armament and with armor and mechanical improvements. Early production model T-34-76 M-1941's were fitted with welded turrets, with later T-34-76 M-1941 tanks being later fitted with either the welded type or a new cast turret of similar shape which was easier and cheaper to produce. Both turrets were provided simultaneously to the T-34 manufacturing plants. No distinction was made between types of turret in Russia at the time, the plant and year of manufacture being the principle references used for identification, where any attempt at classification was made at all.
1) Muzeum Wojska Polskiego, Powiśle, Poland
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Unique ID: |
406
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Polish People’s Army Eagle marking previously painted on turret side.
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This is a Zavod No 112 origin cast turret variant.
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2) U.S. Army Ordnance Museum, Aberdeen Proving Ground, USA
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Unique ID: |
673
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3) U.S. Army Ordnance Museum, Aberdeen Proving Ground, USA
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674
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4) Muzeum Oreza Polskiego w Kolobrzegu, Kołobrzeg, Poland
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2497
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5) Park Steffensa, Aniolki, Poland
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Unique ID: |
2527
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Polish Eagle markings painted on turret sides.
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Model 1941/42 STZ
T-34’s produced at the Stalingrad Tractor Zavod (STZ) in the period late 1941-42 were easily distinguished as they had a turret with a unique chisel fronted gun housing and all steel roadwheels. Though no complete STZ produced T-34 is known to survive today, some turrets have survived. One is inside the Central Armed Forces Museum in Moscow, another is plinth mounted and painted white inside the museum on Mamaev Kurgan Hill at Volgograd.
6) Kubinka NIIBT Research Collection - Reserve Collection, Kubinka, Russia
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Unique ID: |
614
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It carries a turret number “271” and a glacis number, “6”.
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7) Museé Des Blindés, Saumur, France
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Unique ID: |
891
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Model 1942
The T-34-76 "Model 1942" was developed at the relocated OKB-34 design bureau at Nizhny Tagil. The redesign project was headed by A. A. Morozov with chief engineer Yu. E. Maksarev.
The principle feature of the original T-34-76 Model 1942 was the use of a redesigned turret of hexagonal configuration which gave better crew accommodation and eliminated the rear turret overhang of the earlier models. The tank was armed with the 76.2mm F-34 tank gun. Radio was provided as standard and there were other small mechanical changes.
The new “Model 42” entered production in the late spring of 1942. It was produced at Nizhniy Tagil, Omsk and Chelyabinsk with components coming from many other plants. In Russia, the tank is referred to as the Model 1942. The confusing description T-34-76 Model 1943 (or T-34-76C in German wartime terminology) used for the T-34-76 M-1942 is a Western designation.
| Model Id: | 2386 | | Manufacture: | Factory 183 UralVagonZavod, Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Ekaterinburg and Surrounding Regions, Russia (Primary manufacturer December 1941-)
Factory 174 Omsktransmash, Omsk, Omsk Oblast, Omsk Region, Russia (Additional manufacturer)
Factory 112 Krasnoye Sormovo, Nizhniy Novgorod, Nizhniy Novgorod Oblast, Nizhniy Novgorod Region, Russia (Secondary manufacturer October 1941-)
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8) Kubinka NIIBT Research Collection - Soviet Vehicles, Kubinka, Russia
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Unique ID: |
375
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Collection number 202 painted on left turret side.
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This T-34-76 M-1942 is rebuilt, consisting of a T-34 M-1942 turret taken from a river monitor that has been welded directly onto a T-34 hull. In September 1998 it was moved outside the museum, now forming part of the display at the museum etrance.It is curious that Kubinka does not have an example of one of the major production tanks of the Second World War period. [PTIR: #34]
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9) Fort IX Czerniaków, Mokotów, Poland
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Unique ID: |
381
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74049 (unconfirmed, source: L. Delsing).
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“?LO” stamped into lower glacis.
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There are two T-34-76 M-1942 tanks displayed in this tank collection, both having been in reserve storage for many years. This one, situated by the fortress wall, is fitted with a softedge turret. The tank has several welded plates covering battle damage. It has rubber tyred spiderweb wheels.
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10) Fort IX Czerniaków, Mokotów, Poland
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Unique ID: |
382
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420296?: “1/420296”? stamped into lower glacis.
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Polish Eagle markings painted on turret sides.
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The second T-34-76 M-1942 tank in the collection sits opposite the fortress wall. It has the hardedge type turret and rubber tyred spiderweb wheels. There is an armour patch on the left side of the tank's hull.
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11) Stalingrad Tracktornyy Zavod (STZ), Volgograd, Russia
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Unique ID: |
1584
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12) Muzeum Uzbrojenia, Cytadela Poznańska, Poland
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435
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“235” (previously “131” and “139”) and Polish Eagle markings painted on turret sides. Bow machine-gun mounting fitted upside down.
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This is a remanufactured battle-damaged tank, comprising an early hull from an STZ Model 1941/2, with the rounded rear lower hull plate and oblong final drive / starter hatch, but fitted with a ‘hard edge’ turret from a T-34-76 Model 1942. It has a number of repaired hull penetrations, as well as the addition of fittings which were not on the original hull.
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13) Lubuskie Muzeum Wojskowe, Drzonów, Poland
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Unique ID: |
461
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52203 (chassis)
106 (turret).
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Model 1943
The later 1943 model was similar to the Model 1942 except for having a commander's cupola. There were several manufacturers of turrets for the T-34-76 M-1942 and M-1943 leading to differences in appearance. From 1944 to 1950 the T-34-76 M-1943 was supplied to Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria and after the war to China and North Korea. Consequently, the T-34-76 M-1943 is commonly found preserved today in countries such as Poland rather than in Russia. In total some 20,000 T-34-76 M-1943 tanks were produced.
Many T-34-76 M-1943 model turrets are plinth mounted in central Volgograd (Stalingrad). There are at least 16 turrets in the immediate city centre area of Volgograd. These denote the front line battle positions held on the 19th of February 1942 at the height of the battle. Most are of the M-1943 type, but there are some earlier turrets including STZ types with the distinctive chiselled gun housing.
Over the period December 1943 / April 1944 the T-34-76 M-1942/3 model was replaced in production at the three principal T-34 production plants by the T-34-85.
| Model Id: | 2387 | | Manufacture: | Factory 183 UralVagonZavod, Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Ekaterinburg and Surrounding Regions, Russia (Primary manufacturer)
Factory 174 Omsktransmash, Omsk, Omsk Oblast, Omsk Region, Russia (Additional manufacturer)
Uralmash Zavod (UZTM), Ekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Ekaterinburg and Surrounding Regions, Russia (Additional manufacturer)
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14) Muzeum Broni Pancernej, Centrum Szkolenia Wojsk Lądowych, Poland
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Unique ID: |
423
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Polish Eagle markings painted on turret sides.
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This is a later model T-34-76 M-1943 with commander's cupola. It has the softedge type turret.
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15) Factory 183 UralVagonZavod, Nizhny Tagil, Russia
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Unique ID: |
1582
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